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Abstract

A new three-dimensional vertex model of grain boundary motion has been developed in which a single grain boundary is pushed through an array of particles in order to derive the Zener drag, i.e. the effective pinning force of these particles on grain boundaries. The spherical particles have a realistic size distribution and spatial arrangement. Like the grain boundary itself, the particle interfaces are described by a network of triangular facets, with the distinction that the nodes connecting the particle facets can only move tangentially along the surface of the prescribed particle shape. The model also accounts for the energy of the triple lines connecting the particles with the grain boundary. The Zener drag is derived as a function of the grain boundary energy, for now assumed to be independent of the grain boundary inclination, the triple line energy, the mean particle size, and their volume fraction. The results are compared to established formulations for the Zener drag.